- How did the electorate expand during the Jacksonian Era, and what were the limits of that expansion?
Until the 1820s, relatively few Americans had beenpermitted to vote. Most states restricted the franchise to white males who wereproperty owners or taxpayers or both, effectively barring an enormous number ofthe less affluent from the voting rolls. However, Jackson believed in theequality of white mean and eventually, every state democratized its electorateto some degree. But still, both women and blacks could not vote.
- What events fed the growing tension between nationalism and states rights, and what were the arguments on both sides of that issue?
- Tariff of Abominations
i. The tariff protected the North butharmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatoryand unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because NewEngland favored high tariffs.
- The Webster-Hayne Debate
i. States Rights vs. National Power
- Nullification Crisis
i. Calhoun introduced the idea in his SCExposition and Protest. States that suffered from the tariff of 1828 had theright to nullify or override the law within their borders. Jackson proclaimedthat nullification was unconstitutional and that the Constitution established "asingle nation," not a league of states. A final resolution of the questionof nullification was postponed until 1861, when South Carolina, accompanied byother southern states, seceded from the Union and started the Civil War.
- Death of the Bank of the United States
i. Andrew Jacked placed deposits removed from the federalNational Bank into state banks, which severely weakened the National Bank andultimately caused its demise. The country was left with a fragmented andchronically unstable banking system that would plague the economy for more thana century.
1. Maryland vs.McCulloch
a. Does the State of Maryland have thepower to tax an institution created by Congress pursuant to its powers underthe Constitution? No. The State of Maryland does not have the power to tax aninstitution created by Congress pursuant to its powers under the Constitution.
2. Gibbons vs. Ogden
a. May a state enact legislation thatregulates a purely internal affair regarding trade or the police power, or ispursuant to a power to regulate interstate commerce concurrent with that ofCongress, which confers a privilege inconsistent with federal law? No. A statemay not legislation inconsistent with federal law which regulates a purelyinternal affair regarding trade or the police power, or is pursuant to a powerto regulate interstate commerce concurrent with that of Congress.
- What was the Second Party System, and how did its emergence and rise change national politics?
There was a formation of a two-party system, whichoperated at the national level. Eachparty committed to its own existence as an institution and was willing toaccept the legitimacy of tis opposition. For the first time politics assumed acentral role in voters' lives. Before then, deference to upper class elites,and general indifference most of the time, characterized local politics acrossthe country. With the full establishment of the second party system, campaignswere characterized by appeals to the common man, while elections generated highvoter participation. The two parties consisted of the Democrats and theWhigs (the National Republican Party had died out. Jacksonian Democrats glorified the liberty ofthe individual. They supported statesrights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. They favored arenewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, publicschools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibition of liquor and the abolitionof slavery.
- What was Andrew Jacksons political philosophy, and how was it reflected in the policies and actions of the administration?
§ Jacksonian Democracy
Jackson supported Western expansion. He stood for the right of the commonpeople to have a greater voice in government. Distinct changes in laws,practices, and popular attitudes gave rise to Jacksonian Democracy and were inturn accelerated by the new equalitarian spirit.
Jackson supported Western expansion. He stood for the right of the commonpeople to have a greater voice in government. Distinct changes in laws,practices, and popular attitudes gave rise to Jacksonian Democracy and were inturn accelerated by the new equalitarian spirit.
o JacksonianRevolution of 1828: Jackson wonmore than twice the electoral vote of John Quincy Adams. However the popularvote was much closer. Adams had strong support in New England while Jacksonswept the South and Southwest. In the middle states and the Northwest, thepopular vote was close.
o Age of thecommon man: All white males hadaccess to the polls. Jackson was portrayed by the opposition as a common manduring the election of 1828. He was depicted as being uncorrupt, natural, andplain. His supporters described his simple and true morals and fierce andresolute will.
§ Dorrs Rebellion: As a popular movement emerged in Rhode Island to abolish thelimitations set forth by the charter granted by Charles II in 1663, so did muchviolence and serious disturbances. The protesters sought to do away with thestate constitution, which restricted suffrage to freeholders led the reform togrant suffrage to non-property owners.
o Second partysystem: There was a formation ofa two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democratsand the Whigs (theNational Republican Party had died out). Jacksonian Democrats glorified the libertyof the individual. They supported states' rights and federal restraint insocial and economic affairs. The Whigs supported the natural harmony of society and the valueof community. They favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs,internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as the prohibitionof liquor and the abolition of slavery.
o Spoils system: Jackson defended the principle of "rotationin office," the removal of officeholders of the rival party on democraticgrounds. He wanted to give as many individuals as possible a chance to work forthe government and to prevent the development of an elite bureaucracy.
o Kitchencabinets: During his first term,Jackson repeatedly relied on an informal group of partisan supporters foradvice while ignoring his appointed cabinet officers. Supposedly, they met inthe White House kitchen. Martin Van Buren and John H. Eaton belonged to thisgroup, but were also members of the official cabinet.
o Calhounresigns: When Jackson favoredthe higher rates for the Tariff of 1832, Calhoun resigned in the same year. Hewent back to South Carolina and composed an Ordinance of Nullification whichwas approved by a special convention, and the customs officials were ordered tostop collecting the duties at Charleston.
o NullificationCrisis: Calhoun introduced theidea in his SC Exposition and Protest. States that suffered from the tariff of1828 had the right to nullify or override the law within their borders. Jacksonproclaimed that nullification was unconstitutional and that the Constitutionestablished "a single nation," not a league of states. A finalresolution of the question of nullification was postponed until 1861, whenSouth Carolina, accompanied by other southern states, seceded from the Unionand started the Civil War.
o Trail ofTears: A pro-removal chief signedthe Treaty of New Echota in 1835 which ceded all Cherokee land to the UnitedStates for $5.6 million. Most Cherokees condemned the treaty. Between 1835 and1838, 16,000 Cherokees migrated west to the Mississippi along the Trail ofTears. 2,000 to 4,000 Cherokees died. Jackson claimed that the remnant of thatill-fated race was now beyond the reach of injury or oppression, apparentlytrying to convince himself or others that he had supported removal as a way toprotect the tribes.
o Bank War: Nicholas Biddle operated the Bank of the UnitedStates since 1823. Many opposed the Bank because it was big and powerful. Somedisputed its constitutionality. Jackson tried to destroy the Bank by vetoing abill to recharter the Bank. He removed the federal governments deposits fromthe Bank and put them into various state and local banks or "petbanks." Biddle tightened up on credit and called in loans, hoping for aretraction by Jackson, which never occurred. A financial recession resulted.
§ Panic of 1837: Pricesbegan to fall in May 1837 and bank after bank refused specie payments. The Bankof the United States also failed. The origins of the depression includedJacksons Specie Circular. Also, Britain controlled the flow of specie from itsshores to the US in an attempt to hinder the outflow of British investments in1836.
- Who benefited under Jacksonian democracy? Who suffered?
§ Middle class and lower class benefited
o Jackson portrayedhimself as a common man
§ Tariff of Abominations
- How did Andrew Jackson change the office of the presidency?
The election of Andrew Jackson to thepresidency in 1828 marked not only the triumphed of a particular vision ofgovernment and democracy.
§ Said he wanted a government with less regulations butwhen he becomes president, everything he does is based on a strong nationalgovernment
§ In favor of the common man. Tries to fight for theequality of white men
§ Doesnt have an agenda. Fights for equality
§ Brings back the two party system
§ Tyrannical instead of democratic
§ Personal agenda to destroy Indians
§ Hated the privileged elites
§ Jackson fought to keep the Union perpetual andseparate
o Wanted morestates rights
- Who supported and who opposed the Bank of the Untied States, and why? Who was right?
During Jacksons presidency, there was a strugglebetween those who wanted to keep the national bank and those who wanted toabolish it. Jackson and states rights advocates opposed the national bank,which they felt imposed farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans. NicholasBiddle, Henry Clay, the Whigs, and the wealthy defended the bank. Jacksonwanted to destroy the national bank so much that he removed the governmentsdeposits from the bank and placed them in pet banks. This destabilized thefinancial system and ultimately lead to a recession and the death of thenational bank.
- How and why did white attitudes toward Naïve Americans change, and how did these changes lead to the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears?
In the eighteenth century, many white Americans hadconsidered the Indians
noble savages, people without real civilization but with an inherent dignitythat made civilization possible among them. By the first decades of thenineteenth century, this vaguely paternalistic attitude (the attitude of ThomasJefferson, among others) was giving way to a more hostile one, particularlyamong the whites in the western states and territories whom Jackson came torepresent. Such whites were coming to view Native Americans simply assavages, not only uncivilized but uncivilizable. Whites, they believed,should not be expected to live in close proximity to the tribes.
noble savages, people without real civilization but with an inherent dignitythat made civilization possible among them. By the first decades of thenineteenth century, this vaguely paternalistic attitude (the attitude of ThomasJefferson, among others) was giving way to a more hostile one, particularlyamong the whites in the western states and territories whom Jackson came torepresent. Such whites were coming to view Native Americans simply assavages, not only uncivilized but uncivilizable. Whites, they believed,should not be expected to live in close proximity to the tribes.
Whitewesterners favored removal as well because they feared that continued contactbetween the expanding white settlements and the Indians would produce endlessconflict and violence. Most of all, however, they favored Indian removalbecause of their own insatiable desire for territory.
1. Andrew Jackson (234) A general and political leader of thelate eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As a general in the War of1812, he defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans. He was called"Old Hickory." He was elected president (1828) after John QuincyAdams as a candidate of the common man, and his style of government came to beknown as Jacksonian democracy. He rewarded his political supporters withpositions once he became president (see spoils system). He was the leader ofthe Democratic Party.
2. Anti-Masonry (249) The Anti-Mason movement emerged in the 1820s inresponse to widespread resentment against the secret, exclusive, and hencesupposedly undemocratic, Society of Freemasons.
3. Aroostook War (254) - A violent brawl betweenAmericans and Canadians who were mostly lumberjacks that moved into disputedterritory between the Maine and Canada. It was named after the Aroostook Riverwhere the disputed region and brawl was.
4. Bank War (246) - Andrew Jackson objectedto the Bank of the United States because it was an institution of concentratedpower of the federal government. The War was between the hard-money andsoft-money factions. Jackson was supported hard-money because he was involvedin grandiose land based on paper credit (soft rather than gold and silverwhich were hard) that failed and went into debt. After Jacksons 1832reelection, he didnt renew the Banks charter. Nicolas Biddle, the Bankschairman, greatly opposed Jackson and worked with Henry Clay to get a newcharter for the Bank. There was a recession, which Jackson blamed on Biddle, sopeople blamed Biddle as well, ending his chances of getting a recharter of theBank. This marked the end of the Bank of the United States in 1836.
5. Caroline Affair (253) Residents of the easternprovinces of Canada launched a rebellion against the British colonialgovernment in 1837, and some of the rebels chartered an American steamship, theCaroline, to ship supplies across the Niagara River to them from NY. Britishauthorities in Canada seized the Caroline and burned it, killing one Americanin the process. The British refused to provide compensation for it and peoplein the US resented them for that. Authorities in New York arrested a Canadiannamed Alexander McLeod and charged him with the murder of the American who diedin the incident. The British government insisted that McLeod not be accused ofmurder because he was acting under official orders. They said that hisexecution would bring immediate and frightful war.
6. CherokeeNation vs. Georgia - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations butdependent domestic nations, which could be regulated by the federal government.From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by thefederal government.
7. Daniel Webster (240) - Was a leading Americanstatesman and senator from Massachusetts during the period leading up to theCivil War. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of NewEngland shipping interests. Webster's increasingly nationalistic views, and hiseffectiveness as a speaker, made him one of the most famous orators andinfluential Whig leaders of the Second Party System. He was one of the nation'smost prominent conservatives, leading opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson andthe Democratic Party.
8. Dorr Rebellion (235) - A short-lived armedinsurrection in the U.S. state of Rhode Island led by Thomas Wilson Dorr, whowas agitating for changes to the state's electoral system.
9. Egalitarian - An economic andpolitical philosophy that favors equality among all people. Karl Marx and JohnLocke are considered two of the most important proponents of politicalegalitarianism. While president Jackson preached equality and opportunity itwas, for the most part, empty rhetoric. He had no real intentions of helpingdisadvantaged groups like African Americans, women, and Native Americans.
10. FiveCivilized Tribes (243) -The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw and Choctaw tribesthat had remained in the South by the 1830s. The tribes had set up successfulagricultural societies throughout Georgia, Alabama, Florida and Mississippi andwere closely tied to their land. However, they were pushed out of their landyet again by white encroachment under the Removal Act.
11. IndianTerritory Jackson issued the Indian Removal Act of 1830, in which 17,000 Cherokeeswere forced to move to isolated federal land west of the Mississippi. TheCherokees used the federal court in the Cherokee Nation v. Georgia to protecttheir land, even though federal troops forced them to move despite the courtsruling in their favor. Other Indian tensions persisted in the North and Midwestsuch as the Blackhawk and Seminole war.
12. JohnC. Calhoun (241) - SouthCarolina Exposition and Protest, nullification: He anonymously wrote the widelyread South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he made his argument thatthe tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional. Adversely affected states had theright to nullify, or override, the law, within their borders. He acknowledgedthat he wrote the SC Exposition and Protest in 1831. In 1832, he convinced theSouth Carolina legislature to nullify the federal tariff acts of 1828 and 1832.
13. JohnTyler (252) JohnTyler became president after William Henry Harrison died in office. Tyler was aformer democrat who had officially left the party but still held on to some ofthe democratic views. After many disagreements with Clay and other Whigs, Tylerwas voted out of the Whig party. Tyler planned to rejoin the Democrats.
14. MartinVan Buren (239) - MartinVan Buren, a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factoryworkers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. afterCalhoun resigned. He was the 8th president of the U.S.
15. TheMarshall Court - The Supreme Court under rule of Chief Justice Marshall. Heestablished a place for the court in the federal legal system and defined itspowers where the constitution had not.
16. NicholasBiddle (246) - Presidentof the Second Bank of the United States; had a tight money policy; he struggledto keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
17. Nullification(241) Calhoun introduced the idea in his SC Exposition and Protest.States that suffered from the tariff of 1828 had the right to nullify oroverride the law within their borders. Jackson proclaimed that nullificationwas unconstitutional and that the Constitution established "a singlenation," not a league of states. A final resolution of the question ofnullification was postponed until 1861, when South Carolina, accompanied byother southern states, seceded from the Union and started the Civil War.
18. Panicof 1837 (251) WhenJackson was president, many state banks received government money that had beenwithdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financedwild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the SpecieCircular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many statebanks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed,cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespreadunemployment and distress.
19. PetBanks- State banks where AndrewJackson placed deposits removed form the federal National Bank in an effort todestroy the bank
20. RemovalAct (243) - Introduced by Congress and passed in1830 with the approval of AndrewJackson in 1830, this act was passed to appropriate money to finance federalnegotiations with the southern tribes in order to relocate them to the West.
21. RogerB. Taney (247) - Chiefjustice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott casethat declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional. He participated in theBank War by doing Jackson's bidding and placing federal money in pet banks
22. SeminoleWar (245) - A war that went on for years. This was an event where Jackson sent histroops to Florida to take over the Seminole Indians, along with their AfricanAmerican allies. The white troops exterminated the Indians and their blackallies. Osceola, the chief of the Seminoles, led the Indian resistance. Herefused to leave Florida in 1835, thus provoking the Americans and causingJackson to invade their land. Osceola and his resistance remained in Floridauntil 1842, when the government ended the war. The Seminoles were eventuallyrelocated.
23. Speciecircular (250) 1836Jackson demanded that government-held land be paid forin hard moneygold or silver specieinstead of paper currency; helped lead tothe Panic of 1837
24. SpoilsSystem (238) - the system of employing and promoting civil servants who arefriends and supporters of the group in power
25. Tariffof Abomination of 1828 - A tariff intended to defend the manufacturing industry in thenorthern United States. The South hated this tariff, and dubbed it the Tariffof Abomination. The South hated it because it forced the South to buymanufactured goods from U.S. manufacturers, mainly in the North, at a higherprice, while southern states also faced a reduced income from sales of rawmaterials.
26. Trailsof Tears (243) - A trek about 5Indian tribes made for relocation. Beginning in the winter of 1838, theCherokee Indians were the first to walk to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) withheavy loads on their backs and almost nothing on their feet. Almost an eighthor more of the Cherokees died before they reached the new territory. Once theyarrived they named their walk, The Trail Where They Cried, to show how thetrail hurt them after. Andrew Jackson tried to defend himself for making themleave by saying that it would protect the tribes. Between 1830 and 1838virtually all of the Five Civilized Tribes were expelled from the southernstates and forced to relocate in the new Indian Territory. Top of Form
27. Webster-AshburtonTreaty (254) - 1842, it was a treatydefining the border between the U.S. and Canada. It resolved several issues,particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border.
28. Webster-HayneDebate (240) TheWebster-Hayne debate in 1830 was about limiting the sale of public lands in thewest to new settlers. Daniel Webster, in a speech, showed the danger of thestates' rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself whichlaws were unconstitutional, claiming it would lead to civil war. States' rights(South) vs. nationalism (North).
29. Whigs(252) A party thatopposed Jackson's leadership style and policies. They promoted protectivetariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures thatstrengthened the central government.
30. WilliamHenry Harrison (252) - He was elected the first Whig President in 1840, but beforehe had been in office a month, he caught a cold that developed into pneumonia.His nickname was "Old Tippecanoe"
31. TwoParty System There was a formationof a two-party system. The two parties consisted of the Democratsand the Whigs (theNational Republican Party had died out). Jacksonian Democrats glorified the libertyof the individual. They supported states' rights and federal restraint insocial and economic affairs. The Whigs supported the natural harmony of society and the valueof community. They favored a renewed national bank, protective tariffs,internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms, such as theprohibition of liquor and the abolition of slavery.
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